I.2.2 The Speed of Light as the Fractal Dimension

It is quite obvious according to the Re-Creation Principle that there is a terminal cosmological velocity, since everything is brought into existence by the only one Single Monad, which is the Source of all individual monads. The speed of the Single Monad is a property of the complex time-time field that it creates through its continuous alternation, or the refresh rate of re-creation. This is what gives rise to Special and General Relativity, while also allowing instantaneous physical change, and not only transfer of information, because there is no real continuous motion in the common sense that the same object gradually leaves its place to occupy new places, but it is re-created in these new places which could be at the other end of the Universe right in the following instance, as it usually happens with the two entangled EPR particles, or in quantum tunneling.

The standard value of the speed of light in vacuum is now considered a universal physical constant, and its exact value is  meters per second. Since 1983, the length of the Meter has been defined from this constant as well as the international standard for time. However, this experimentally measured value corresponds to the speed of light in vacuum that is in fact not exactly empty. The true speed that should be considered as the upper Cosmological Speed is the speed of light in absolute void rather than vacuum , which still has some energy that may interact with the photons, but void is real nothing . Of course, even vacuum is very hard to achieve in labs, so void is really impossible.

The speed of light in the theoretical void is the absolute speed of the Single Monad that is necessarily in void, because it is the whole existence. This ultimate Cosmological Speed can be calculated on the bases of metaphysical space-time structure, which is the complex-time geometry of the Duality of Time Theory. In the three-dimensional space that is evolving in time, the Cosmological Speed should be an integer ratio that is exactly equal to 3 , and it has no units because both space and time originate from the same movements of the Single Monad that performs six basic movements to create the three dimensions of space, and then one movement to display it as a single frame. Because we naturally distinguish between space and time, this speed must be measured in terms of meters per second, and it should be therefore exactly equal to  meters per second. The difference between this theoretical value and the standard measured value is what accounts for the quantum vacuum in contrast to the absolute void that cannot be excited. Of course all this depends also on the actual definition of the meter, and also the second, which appears to be conventional, but in fact they are based on the same ancient Sumerian tradition, included in their sexagesimal system which is fundamentally related to the structure of space-time as we shall discuss further in section IV.4.4.

It can be anticipated based on the above conclusion that the speed of light is directly related to the number dimensions, so for other fundamental interactions, that are expected to be in lower dimensions as we discussed in Chapter II, the value of the speed of light should be considered according to these dimensions, and this might correct the values of many important constants in the Standard Model.

Dimensionality is a relative and dynamic property, so for the Single Monad, since its existence is always Real, in the inner dimensions, its wave-length is zero and its frequency and energy are infinite. Therefore, because everything is absolutely transparent with regard to the Single Monad, it appears as absolutely three-dimensional, whereas heavy particles and objects, such as the Earth, Sun and Stars, propagate in Aether which appears for them only two-dimensional super-fluid. The wave-lengths of particles are a reflection of how often they fluctuate between the inner and outer dimensions of time, also relative to the number of their individual monads or geometrical points and in what dimensions they extend, which eventually rules how they interact with other particles according to their own relative dimensions. These interactions are exhibited in various properties such as reflection, refraction, diffraction or interference, and polarization, which are all descriptions of how energy, or frequency, propagate in the various dimensions of the complex-time geometry.