3.2.1 The Five Fundamental Interactions

In Figure III.4, space is shown conventionally in two dimensions, where each plane of space forms one single instance in the outward time. In reality, we can conceive of at least five levels or dimensions of time: 0D, 1D, 2D, 3D and T, where each level is nested inside the higher dimension, and all are nested inside the outward normal time dimension T. Because of the various degrees of freedom, the interactions are different from one level to the other, so in total we have five fundamental forces: magnetic, electric, strong, weak, and gravity, respectively corresponding to the five levels of time.

Although the metaphysical 0D is the building block, which is the quanta of space-time geometry, it does not exist alone on the multiplicity level where all the physical phenomena are eventually observed, so this is the magnetic monopole that exists everywhere but cannot be isolated because it is always coupled in higher dimensions. Its first level of physical manifestation is the electromagnetic force, then the weak nuclear force, and so on.

This can potentially explain the relative strength of these forces and why gravity is very weak, since it is exhausted in the volume. Moreover, this can open the door for converting magnetism into other forces including gravity, which will be naturally quantized, because they all emerge from the actual linear flow of time. This issue requires further investigation beyond this general introductory book.

The interactions in each of these five levels of time is carried by a corresponding force, which is accompanied by interaction constant and charge. As far as gravity is concerned, its interaction charge is mass which is the property of particles in 3D, where at least eight points of space quanta are coupled. There is no difference between active mass and passive mass, since each one produces gravity that acts on the other. Masses, and hence gravity, and even space itself, are a result of coupling between simple monads, whose spins are integers, but their coupling produces the fermions with spin half.

The reason why fermions have mass and need to occupy space is simply because they are composed of a number of monads who by definition cannot coexist at the same instant of the inner time or space moments, as shown in Figure III.4, whereas bosons are composed of temporal moments of the outward level of time, and that is what makes them force carriers.

In this sense, the graviton is the moment of normal time itself which connects two 3D points, whereas the photon is an electromagnetic wave in 2D, and so on each boson conveys the interaction between two fermions in the lower dimension.

Additionally, as it is the case with gravity, the equivalence principle can also be applied to other forces in their corresponding level, so they are also expected to be expressed in terms of the space-time geometry in their own dimensions. This of course requires more detailed study that could be the subject of further research.

However, we shall see in the coming two chapters, that the Duality of Time does not only explain all fundamental interactions between physical particles in terms of its complex-time geometry, but it also extends that into all other incorporeal realms, including the psychical and spiritual worlds, with their various structures and creations, such as Jinn and Angels.

Therefore, according to the Single Monad Model, the world is both physical and metaphysical: it is metaphysical in the inner real flow of time, and physical on the outer imaginary level. So despite all the apparent undeniable physical phenomena, the reality is in the oneness that is exhibiting these phenomena of motion and multiplicity, including both the corporeal and incorporeal realms, which are two image worlds of the spiritual world of divine Attributes and Names. Therefore, the whole world is a combination of these three realms: spiritual, psychical, and physical.

The observed and imaginable worlds are, nothing but the temporal excitations of the individual monads that are being re-created perpetually in one linear chronological sequence, by the only one Single Monad, that alone can be described as having real continuous existence, while the existence of the multiplicity of individual monads is discrete, because it is a collection of separate instances of the continuous existence of the Single Monad. That is why the outer time encountered by individual entities is intertwined with the real flow of time.

Furthermore, each higher world is a substrate in which the lower levels are manipulated, manifested or interpreted; the physical world is imagined or mirrored in the soul, through its various tools such as the mind, the heart and memory, and both of this physical and psychical worlds are manipulated by the divine Names, or the various Attributes of the Only One Real Essence.

Originally, “metaphysics” was equivalent to “natural philosophy” , which addresses all kinds of scientific questions related to Nature. The term “science” originally means “knowledge” , but by the end of the 18th century, the modern scientific method transformed natural philosophy into an empirical activity deriving from experiment, unlike the rest of philosophy. Thereafter, metaphysics is taken to denote philosophical enquiry of a non-empirical character into the nature of existence. While all fundamental theories of physics are based on some axioms or postulates, which are considered to be the end of all inquiries according to this theory, metaphysics goes beyond these postulates to explore what they mean as abstract human concepts.