DoT: The Duality of Time Postulate

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1. Introduction

   … ing causality, non-locality, homogeneity, the arrow of time, the mass-gap (and Yang-Mills Conjecture), super-symmetry and matter-antimatter asymmetry, in addition to uniting the principles of Relativity and Quantum theories, as we …

2. 1. Abstract:

   … ry and sufficient to obtain exact mathematical derivation of the mass-energy equivalence relation, in addition to solving many persisting problems in physics and cosmology, including the arrow-of-time, super-symmetry, matter-antim …

3. 4. A Brief General Analysis:

   … of time. This also means that all physical properties, including mass, energy, velocity, acceleration and even the dimensions of space, are emergent properties; observable only on the outward level of time, as a result of the temp …

4. 5.1. The Genuinely-Complex Time-Time Frame:

   … would explain all the four fundamental interactions and provide mass generation mechanism that replaces or alters the Higgs mechanism that only partially solves the problem of mass. In BEC models, masses of elementary particles c …

5. 5.2. The Two Arrows of Time:

   … d level of time, is what causes physical motion and the inertial mass , which then effectively increases with the imaginary velocity according to: (as we shall derive it in section 6.2, and we shall discuss mass generation in sect …

6. 5.3. General Relativity Approximation:

   … ther case. As an extra bonus, we will also be able to derive the mass-energy equivalence relation without introducing any approximation or un-mathematical induction, and this relation is indeed the same equivalence between gravita …

7. 5.4. Aether and the Cosmological Constant Problem:

   … ntization of the simple harmonic oscillations of a particle with mass. This zero-point energy of the Klein-Gordon field is infinite, but a cutoff at Planck length is enforced, since it is generally believed that General Relativity …

8. 5.5. Origin of Mass

   It is well established in modern physics that mass is an emergent property, and since the Standard Model relies on gauge and chiral symmetry, the observed non-zero masses of elementary particles require spontaneous symmetry breaki …

9. 6. Deriving the Principles of Special and General Relativity:

   … mum speed which anything in the Universe can attain. Photons, or massless particles, propagate in vacuum at this terminal speed, regardless of the motion of the source or reference frame of the observer. However, even though this …

10. 6.2. The Mass-Energy Equivalence Relation:

    … only way to explain the equivalence and transmutability between mass and energy (). Einstein gave various heuristic arguments for this relation without ever being able to prove it in any theoretical way (Hecht, 2011), neither did …

11. The classical kinetic energy (in the normal time):

    … oduct of force and displacement : (7) thus: (8) Now if we assume mass to be constant, so that: (and we will discuss relativistic mass further in section 6.2.4 below), we will get: (9) So in the classical view of apparently continu …

12. Method I (abrupt change of speed in the inner time):

    … lation is derived in section 6.2.8 further below, but the simple mass-energy equivalence relation: (without the “half”) can now be easily obtained from the same integration in equation 9 if, and only if, we suppose that the object …