II.2.4 Baryon Asymmetry
The baryon number represents the difference between quarks and anti-quarks, and it is a strictly conserved additive quantum number of a system. Baryons consist of three quarks have have a baryon number of , while mesons consist of one quark and one anti-quark have a baryon number of . Anti-baryons have a baryon number of . Particles without any quarks have a baryon number of zero. Quarks carry not only electric charge, but also charges such as color charge and weak isospin. Because of the color confinement, a hadron cannot have a net color charge, so the total color charge of a particle has to be zero, or white, while a quark can have one of three colors, dubbed red, green, and blue.
The baryon number is always conserved, so in any interaction between elementary particles, the sum of the baryon number of all incoming particles is the same as the sum of the baryon numbers of all particles resulting from the reaction. However, the hypothetical concepts of grand unification models and super symmetry allow for the changing of a baryon into leptons and anti-quarks, thus violating the conservation of both baryon and lepton numbers. Proton decay would be an example of such a process taking place, but has never been observed.
The missing baryon problem is the fact that the observed amount of baryonic matter did not match theoretical predictions. The density of baryons can be constrained according to big bang nucleo-synthesis and the cosmic microwave background. The best current data, observed by the Planck spacecraft in 2015, yielded a density about 4.85% of the critical density. However, directly adding up all the known baryonic matter produces a baryonic density slightly less than half of this. The missing baryon problem is distinct from the dark matter problem, which is mainly non-baryonic in nature. There is also much more dark matter in the universe than there are missing baryons.
It is generally assumed that when the Universe was young and very hot it was in statistical equilibrium and contained equal numbers of baryons and anti-baryons. However, observations suggest that the Universe, including its most distant parts, is made almost entirely of matter. What caused this unbalance and where are the missing baryons, or why the Universe has much more matter than antimatter?
As we shall discuss further in Chapter II, when we discuss Super Symmetry, the Duality of Time suggests that the incorporeal worlds have atomic structures similar to the physical world, but it is termed incorporeal because it evolves in different time direction. This incorporeal matter is the missing antimatter and the are perpetually annihilating and splitting every instance of time in the inner metaphysical flow.